Short range communication system

ABSTRACT

Short range communication systems and techniques are described. In an implementation an interrogator held near a person interrogates multiple transponders and receives information separately from the transponders. The interrogator and/or the transponders may be held in an article of clothing or in a personal effect of the person. The transponders may transmit identifying information and/or information associated with the states of the articles of clothing or personal effects of the person. Such a system enables the clothes worn by a person to communicate with a plurality of items and obtain useful information. In addition, a network system may be configured so that any particular transponder may communicate with another transponder or group of transponders of other locales to activate functions, cause actions or otherwise share data and/or information.

BACKGROUND

The invention relates to short-range data communication.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) systems, for example, typicallyinclude a reader or interrogator, a transponder and a data processor.The reader may include an internal microcontroller, a transmitter, areceiver, and an antenna. The transponder is usually a passive device(having no power source) embedded in a card or key tag, and may includean antenna and a RFID application specific integrated circuit (ASIC).The interrogator transmits an electromagnetic wave defining asurveillance zone. When a transponder enters the zone, theelectromagnetic energy from the interrogator begins to energize the ASICin the transponder, which initializes and then broadcasts an identitysignal.

A RFID system may use a low-energy, back-scattering technology thatselectively reflects or back-scatters the electromagnetic energy fromthe transponder back to the interrogator. Receiving circuitry in theinterrogator senses and decodes the back-scattered signal to determinethe identity of the transponder. Such a system may be used to identify,track and/or locate people or objects.

In a typical application, when an acceptable identity signal has beenreceived, an interrogator generates a signal to unlock a door for entryof the carrier of a key tag transponder. Another application uses buttontransponders attached to an article of clothing to communicate with aninterrogator in a washing machine or the like. The button transponderscommunicate data to the interrogator that are used to alter the watertemperature and/or the cleaning cycle for the clothing.

RFID systems typically offer a single communication path between areader and the transponders, and have short read ranges between theinterrogator and a transponder, which may be measured in centimeters.Greater ranges, very often the goal of RFID systems, require use ofhigher power levels and/or increased antenna size, and produce lessconfined radio frequency fields.

SUMMARY

Presented is a method, from an interrogator held near a person, ofinterrogating multiple transponders in the vicinity of the person. As aresult of the interrogating, information is received separately from themultiple transponders.

The method may include one or more of the following features. Theinterrogator may be held in an article of clothing or personal effect ofthe person. The articles of clothing or personal effects may include atleast one of pants, shirts, jackets, coats, earphones, glasses,listening devices, necklaces, rings, watches, bracelets, walking sticks,hockey sticks, guns, cups, and other fashion and everyday accessoriesand items, hats, socks, shoes, ties, underwear, outerwear, pens,pencils, personal digital assistant devices, laptop computers, desktopcomputers, bags, backpacks, luggage, wallets, money clips, timepieces,wristwatches, cell phones, desk phones, pedometers, temperature sensors,global positioning devices, environmental sensors, biological sensorswhether worn on the garments or below the epidermal skin layer of thehuman body or embedded or mobile within the human body, fitness devicesand other appliances and equipment. The transponders may be associatedwith respective articles of clothing and personal effects of the person,and the information received from the multiple transponders may includeidentifying information or information associated with states ofarticles of clothing or personal effects of the person or sensorreadings of the environment or of the person. In addition an activationsignal may be transmitted from at least one of the transponders, thatcould be used to activate another device or transponder to perform afunction such as transmit data, start an actuator or displayinformation.

In another implementation, a method includes radiating an interrogationfield over less than a predetermined distance from a radiator. Then fromat least one position within the predetermined distance, carrying energyassociated with the interrogation field along at least one respectiveconductive element to at least a first location that is farther than thepredetermined distance from the radiator, and at each location,radiating an interrogation field using energy that has been carriedalong the conductive element.

This implementation may include at least one or more of the followingfeatures. The radiator may be an interrogator. The interrogation fieldmay be a radio frequency field. A transponder may be located within apredetermined second distance of at least one location. The conductiveelements may be electrical conductors. The method may include derivingthe energy carried along the conductive elements inductively from theinterrogation field. The method may also include, from a position thatis within a predetermined second distance from at least the firstlocation, carrying energy associated with the interrogation field alongat least one additional pair of conductive elements to at least a thirdlocation. At least two respective conductive elements may also carrymodulations of the interrogation field from the first and secondlocations to the positions that are within the predetermined distance ofthe radiator.

In yet another implementation, a short-range communication systemincludes an interrogator, a network of coupling ports, communicationlines connecting the coupling ports to the interrogator, and at leastone transponder associated with an object. The transponder may establishcommunications with at least one of the coupling ports and theinterrogator.

The communication system may include one or more of the followingfeatures. The interrogator may include a microcontroller that transmitsat least one interrogation signal to initiate communications. An outputdevice may be connected to the interrogator. An input device may beconnected to the interrogator. The interrogator may include a switch forinitiating and terminating interrogation signals, and the interrogatormay include a receiver to receive signals from each of the transponders.At least one of the transponders may be configured to send an activationsignal. The system may include electronic circuitry to increase thesensitivity of the coupling ports.

In a further implementation, a short-range communication method includescreating a network of coupling ports in a material, connecting aninterrogator to the network, and activating the coupling ports tointerrogate at least one transponder.

Implementations of the short-range communication method may include oneor more of the following features. The interrogator may generateinterrogation signals in a status reporting mode to determine whichtransponders are within range of the coupling ports. The interrogationsignals may be transmitted along a predetermined or assigned set ofcommunication lines and associated coupling ports in a sequential orbroadcast manner. An anti-collision protocol may be used if at least twotransponders respond to the same interrogation signal. The interrogatormay generate interrogation signals in a locating mode to locate thetransponders in the network, and the interrogator signals may betransmitted along a predetermined or assigned set of communication linesand associated coupling ports in a sequential or broadcast manner. Inlocating mode, an anti-collision protocol may be used if at least twotransponders respond to the same interrogation signal. The interrogatormay also generate interrogation signals in a position mode to determinethe position of a particular type of transponder, and the interrogationsignals may be transmitted along a predetermined or assigned set ofcommunication lines and associated coupling ports in a sequential orbroadcast manner.

A communications system according to the invention can advantageously beused in a wide variety of applications. For example, an implementationof the invention enables clothes worn by a person to communicate with aplurality of items and obtain useful information. In addition, a networksystem according to the invention may be configured so that transpondersmay communicate with other transponders or devices to activatefunctions, cause actions or otherwise share data and/or information.Other advantages and features will become apparent from the followingdescription and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an implementation of a low-power, short-range communicationsystem according to the invention.

FIGS. 2A and 2B are simplified block diagrams of transponders of a typethat may be used in the system of FIG. 1.

FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C are flowcharts illustrating interrogator statusreporting mode, location mode and position mode implementationsaccording to the invention.

FIGS. 3D, 3E and 3F are flowcharts illustrating transponder functionimplementations.

FIGS. 4A and 4B are front and rear views of a clothing implementation ofa communication system according to the invention.

FIG. 4C is an example of a clothing implementation of a communicationssystem including transponders according to the invention.

FIG. 5 is another implementation of a communication system according tothe invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates a clothing implementation of the communication systemof FIG. 5.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 shows an implementation of a low-power, short-range communicationsystem 10 for communicating with one or more transponders. Thecommunication system 10 includes a wireless interrogator 12,communication lines 14 a to 14 n, which may be pairs of conductive wiresor conductive fibers, and coupling ports 16 a to 16 n. The couplingports may be circular loops (coils) and operate as antennas to transmitthe interrogation signals wirelessly. In particular, each coupling coilmay be designed to behave like an inductor. Thus, each of the coils mayhave a number of turns and produce a magnetic field that varies with theinterrogation signal generated by the interrogator.

The interrogator 12 includes a microcontroller 2 connected to afrequency modulator 4 and to a receiver/transmitter 6. Thereceiver/transmitter module may include a form of suitable modulationand demodulation circuitry to condition/modulate the interrogationsignals with the correct amount of power and security and within acertain bandwidth around a particular center frequency for transmissionover the media, and to receive using demodulation techniques thetransponder response signals with an acceptable level of signal accuracyand integrity. In addition, error correction features may be used. Apower source 7 may be connected to each of the other circuit elementsand to a switch 5 that may be utilized by a user to activate theinterrogator 12. The interrogator may also include or be connected to anoutput device 8 that may be used to indicate information to the user,such as the presence of transponders or to store data received from aparticular transponder for later analysis, or to process the data. Theoutput device may also be a means for providing Internet access to theinterrogator so that data may be transmitted via e-mail, for example, toenable e-commerce. In addition, the output device may enable theinterrogator 12 to transmit data or information via a cell phone usingtransmission protocols such as GSM or CDMA, Bluetooth, Home RF, or anycurrent or future wireless protocols, for example, 3G (3^(rd) Generationwireless cellular standards), or to transmit data via standard linetelephones or via other communication devices. The interrogator 12 mayalso include, or be connected to, a data input device 9 that may be usedto enter data or information to the interrogator, or to send data orinformation to a transponder, or both. Thus, the input device may beused for various purposes, such as updating information, or loading anew version of software or for data transmission and/or to request dataretrieval.

Some of the communication lines, such as line 14 b, may terminate in asocket 15 or other connector for direct connection to a transponder ormay be directly wired to a transponder or actuator or other types ofelectronic devices. In addition, the system may include one or morecoupling connectors 11 a and 11 b. The coupling connector 11 a includesa coupling port 16 d for wireless connection to the interrogator 12, acommunication line 14 e, and a coupling port 16 e for establishingcommunication with a transponder 18 c or with another coupling connector11 b. The coupling connector 11 b includes a coupling port 16 f, acommunication line 14 f and a coupling port 16 g. Thus, couplingconnectors may wirelessly connect to each other, to an interrogator orto one or more transponders.

The interrogator 12 generates interrogation signals 17 that may bewirelessly broadcast directly from the interrogator (from an antenna notshown), and that are carried on the communication lines to the couplingports for communication with various transponders. The diameter, size orgeometry of the coupling coils and the number of turns used in each aredetermined such that communication with a transponder or interrogator ispossible in the manner described below. Further, the communicationsystem may include power-boosting electronic circuitry,highly-ferromagnetic disks or similar materials (not shown) on thecoupling ports or matching networks between the coupling ports toincrease the power or concentration of the signals that are distributedin the system. The result is increased range and reading sensitivity ofthe interrogator. For example, a power booster 19 may be used oncommunication line 14 e that could include a network of resistors,inductors, capacitors, active devices like diodes, transistors, or otherelectronic components and/or other integrated circuit chips like voltagedoublers. Such power booster devices could also be connected to one ormore coupling ports.

Different types of interrogation signal schemes or modes may be used.For example, in a status reporting mode, the interrogator broadcastsinterrogation signals using a certain frequency to each of the couplingports 16 a to 16 n in a predetermined or sequential manner. The goal ofthe status mode is to have all of the transponders in the system respondso that the system can report how many and what types of transpondersare available. For example, interrogation signals using frequency X₁ maybe transmitted to all or a certain configuration of coupling ports attime t₁, then interrogation signals using frequency X₂ may betransmitted to all or a certain configuration of coupling ports at timet₂, and so forth. Consequently, each transponder within range of theinterrogator 12 or a coupling port 16 a to 16 n would respond when itsenses a predetermined frequency signal. When multiple transponders ofthe same type are in a range of one or more coupling ports, they willrespond by way of anti-collision protocols. Each transponder isidentified by a distinct identification signal or ID code that ittransmits to the interrogator according to an anti-collision protocolthat may give priority to certain identification signals or ID codes inrelation to others.

Next, a location mode of operation may be implemented. The interrogatormay generate and transmit an interrogation signal that includescomponents intended for different transponders. The goal of the locationmode is to locate where all of the transponders are in the system. Thecomponents may be transmitted in a predetermined and/or sequentialmanner. Each of the components of the signal is carried on all of thecommunication lines 14 a to 14 n in an arbitrary pattern and transmittedfrom all or an arbitrary number of the coupling coils, but is intendedto communicate with only one of the transponders, say transponder 18 a.Consequently, when the coupling port 16 a broadcasts the interrogationsignal 17 a one of the components of the signal will be intended fortransponder 18 a. The signal will cause the transponder to initializeand send an identification signal or ID code and/or data back to theinterrogator through the coupling port 16 a and communication line 14 a.The other coupling ports will simultaneously broadcast or transmit in anarbitrary pattern the same component of the interrogation signal 17 a tothe other transponders 18 b and 18 n but those transponders will notrespond. If the transponder 18 a had been placed within range ofcoupling port 16 c, instead of near coupling port 16 a, then thetransponder 18 a would still have responded, resulting in anidentification signal or ID code and/or data being sent to theinterrogator via port 16 c and the communication line 14 d.Consequently, transponder 18 a would be known to be in the vicinity ofat least one of the coupling ports. If multiple transponders of the sametype are within range of the coupling port 16 a in this example, theneach of them would respond using an anti-collision protocol which givespriority to one transponder response over another. Thus, in the locatingmode the interrogator may use different RF modulation modes in asequential or predetermined manner, and each type of transponder isconfigured to respond to a particular one of the frequencies no matterwhere in the system it is located.

In addition, a position mode of operation may be implemented. Theinterrogator may be configured to recognize that a particulartransponder is in a particular position with respect to the user when aresponse is received from a particular communication line or from aparticular coupling port. Thus, the goal of the position mode is toquery a specific area to see if a transponder is in the correctposition. In order to function in this manner, an interrogator may bemapped to a particular network configuration of signal lines andcoupling ports. For example, the interrogator may transmit aninterrogation signal on one of the communication lines having signalcomponents for locating a particular one or type of transponder. When aresponse is received, the interrogator recognizes that the response camefrom a rear pocket of a pair of pants, for example. Such information maythen be displayed or otherwise communicated to a user. If two or moretransponders are in the same pocket, then an anti-collision protocolwould be used and the user informed of the presence of each one.Alternately, the interrogator may be configured to serially transmit aninterrogation signal on the communication lines, or may be configured toaddress a particular group of communication lines, in a predeterminedmanner or sequence to locate a particular transponder or groups oftransponders.

The status mode, location mode and position mode of operation may beimplemented in that order as a communication protocol for the system.Alternately, a user may implement one or more of such modes. Forexample, the user may be provided with a keypad or other output devicefor punching in a code to instruct the interrogator to implement one ormore of the operating modes.

The interrogator 12 may be a low-power device, and the power source 7may be a battery, solar device or other source of power. Powerconsumption of interrogators used in such systems may be on the order ofa few milli-watts or a few watts, and the range of the electromagneticfields generated by such interrogators may vary depending on operatingfrequency and power consumption. For example, interrogators operating at125 kHz may have maximum read ranges of from 5 to 20 centimeters or moredepending on the size of the antenna and the current input to theantenna. The read range, r, of RFID systems is directly proportional tothe size or radius a of the antenna, thus rαa. Consequently, the biggerthe antenna the further the range, and a larger antenna requires inputof larger amounts of current. Interrogators operating at 13.5 MHz or 433MHz or other frequencies would have different read ranges. Interrogatorsoperating at different frequencies may be suitable for use in theshort-range communication system 10.

Referring again to FIG. 1, the microcontroller may be a microprocessoror an application-specific control circuit. Further, themicrocontroller, frequency modulator, and the receiver/transmittermodule could be fabricated as an application-specific integrated circuit(ASIC) on a single chip. The output device 8 may be a liquid crystaldiode (LCD) display, a light-emitting diode array (LED array), anaudible indicator, a microprocessor system, a personal digital assistant(PDA), a desktop computer, a laptop or any portable computer, or anyother type of display, processing device, or storage device. The outputdevice could also include a microcomputer for storing, processing,displaying and/or analyzing data gathered from one or more transponders.The input device 9 may be a keypad, a keyboard, a touch screen, amicrophone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a desktop computer, aportable laptop computer or other input means for inputting data and/orinformation to the interrogator and/or to one or more transponders.

FIGS. 2A and 2B are simplified block diagrams of implementations oftransponders 18 and 25 of a type that may be used in the communicationsystem 10 of FIG. 1. Referring to FIG. 2A, the transponder may include amicrocontroller 20 connected to a memory 22 and to areceiver/transmitter 24 which may contain modulation and demodulationcircuitry. The transponder 18 may alternately be fabricated as an ASICon a single silicon chip including a receiver/transmitter and controllercircuitry along with a memory element. The memory may store anidentification code, or other data related to a particular object towhich it corresponds. The transponder is typically a passive device, butmay include a battery source. A passive transponder absorbs energy topower its circuitry from the received interrogation signals. Thetransponder may also be configured to collect data from the object oritem that it is associated with for later transmission to theinterrogator. Thus, the transponder may be a read-only or a read/writetype. The receiver/transmitter 24 rectifies the energizing RF field intodirect current (DC) and powers up the microcontroller 20. Themicrocontroller then initializes and transmits an identification codeand/or other data from its memory to the interrogator. In addition, thetransponder may be configured to send an “action” signal to anothertransponder or other devices to perform certain functions, such asinitializing a microactuator or micromotor, energizing a LED array orother visual display, generating sounds or other actions. Further, thetransponder may include a plug or socket or other connector (not shown)for physical connection to other devices to permit signaling of actionsignals or to exchange data and/or information.

FIG. 2B is a simplified block diagram of an implementation of atransponder 25. The transponder may include a receiver/transmitter 27which may contain modulation and demodulation circuitry, amicrocontroller 29, a memory 31 and a sensor 33. A battery (not shown)or other source of power may be included. The transponder 25 may befabricated as an ASIC. The transponder may utilize sensor 33 to sensethe environment, sense motion, temperature, acceleration, light,biological conditions or some other condition and store data in memory31 for later transmission to an integrator or other transponder. Thesensor 33 may also be configured to cause the transponder to send asignal to the interrogator or to activate some functions in otherdevices that may be connected to it, or to send a signal to anothertransponder when a predetermined condition or conditions are met. Forexample, if the temperature rises past a certain level, the transpondermay be configured to send a warning signal to an interrogator forcommunication to a user or to activate some cooling devices. Further,the transponder may include a plug or socket or other connector (notshown) for physical connection to other devices to permit signaling ofaction signals or to exchange data and/or information.

FIGS. 3A to 3C are flowcharts 70, 50, 90 illustrating implementations ofa status reporting mode, a locating mode and a position moderespectively, of interrogator functions. Referring to FIG. 3A, theflowchart 70 illustrates an interrogator status reporting mode. Theinterrogator is turned on 72 and sends 74 an interrogation signal on allof the communication lines to all of the coupling ports, sequentially orin another manner, in an attempt to find out which transponders arepresent. If no response is received 76 then, after a delay 78 theinterrogation signal is again broadcast 74 in the communication system.If there is a response 76 then the interrogator determines 80 if datafrom more than one transponder has been received. This can beaccomplished because each transponder may have a unique identity code.If only one transponder responded, then the data is processed 82 andafter a delay 78 an interrogation signal is again broadcast 74.

If it is determined 80 that more than one transponder responded, then acollision condition exists, which could cause the received message to becorrupted and indecipherable. Therefore, an anti-collision protocol maybe used 84 and the transponder will respond in accordance with apriority scheme that may be based on the identification codes of thetransponders. For example, data from a transponder associated with amoney holder such as a wallet may have priority over data from atransponder associated with a backpack. As described above, informationregarding how many and which types of transponders may be displayed tothe user and/or transmitted to an output device for processing. Theinterrogator in this implementation continuously generates and transmitsan interrogation signal to every coupling port or communication lineuntil the user turns the interrogator off. The interrogator mayalternately generate and transmit interrogation signals in apredetermined pattern or according to an algorithm which may be suitableto a particular system. The interrogator may be configured to generatean alarm message to the user if no responses were received from aparticular transponder, or if no responses were received from aparticular group of transponders, or from any transponders.

Following the status mode of operation, a locating mode of FIG. 3B maybe used. In the locating mode, the user turns on 52 the interrogator anda variable m is set equal to 1 in step 54. The interrogator thengenerates and transmits 56 an interrogation signal m. In this scheme,each interrogation signal may differ from another to distinguish betweentransponders. The goal is to locate where each transponder is in thesystem. For example, the interrogator may generate signals of differentradio frequencies, signals having different amplitudes, signals ofdifferent power strengths, or other signal types including signals thatinclude different combinations of characteristics, such as usingmodulation schemes like Amplitude modulation (AM), Manchester Coding, orany other modulation schemes. Each different interrogation signalcorresponds to a particular transponder of the system, and eachtransponder may correspond to a different object or device. Theinterrogation signals for the different transponders are sent insequence or in some other manner that permits them to be distinguishedfrom one another. Next, the interrogator determines 58 whether or notthe transponder associated with the m=1 interrogation signal hasresponded. If so, then the interrogator processes, through a suitabledemodulation scheme, the data 60, and the user may be notified, or thedata may be displayed to the user and/or otherwise transmitted to anoutput device for processing. The variable m is then incremented 62, andthe interrogator checks 64 to see if m is greater than x, where x isequal to the total number of transponders that may be separatelyaddressed by the system. If m is greater than x, then m is reset equalto 1 in 54, and the process starts again. If m is not greater than x,then the interrogator generates and transmits the m+1 interrogationsignal in 56 to check for the next transponder and the process startsagain.

If in 58 no transponder response was received, then the variable m isincremented 66 and m is checked 68 to see if it is greater than x. If mis greater than x, then m is set equal to 1 in step 54, and the processstarts again. If m is not greater than x, then the interrogatorgenerates and transmits the m+1 interrogation signal in 56 and theprocess starts again. In this implementation, once the interrogator isturned on then interrogation signals are serially generated andtransmitted continuously until the user turns off the interrogator.Further, the interrogator may be configured to display a warning messageor generate an alarm if no response is received from a particulartransponder or if no response is received from a particular group oftransponders, or from any transponders. This process is repeated forevery coupling port or communication line in a system, or for a certainnumber of predetermined coil ports addressed by the interrogator.

FIG. 3C is a flowchart 90 illustrating an interrogator position mode ofoperation. This mode of operation may be used to find out the positionof a particular transponder. The interrogator is turned on 91 andtransmits 92 an interrogation signal targeted to a particular type oftransponder. The interrogation signal may be broadcast over eachcommunication line in the system, or over one or a preselected group oflines depending on how the interrogator is configured. If a response isreceived within a predetermined time limit in step 93 then the user isinformed of the position of the transponder. The interrogator may beconfigured to recognize the transponder position because it has beenmapped to the communication lines of the system. If in step 93 noresponse is received within the predetermined time period, then the useris informed that the transponder is not present in the system. Thistechnique may be used to determine the position of one or more types oftransponders in a system. As explained above, if two or moretransponders respond at the same time, then an anti-collision protocolis implemented so that the user will be accurately informed of all suchtransponders.

FIGS. 3D, 3E and 3F are flowcharts 100, 110 and 130 of implementationsof transponder functions that depend upon whether a transponder is aread-only type or a read/write type or a read/write/action type. In FIG.3D, a read-only type transponder receives an interrogation signal 102,powers up and initializes 104 its microcontroller. The transponder thentransmits data 106, such as an identification code and/or other data, tothe interrogator, and then powers down 108. This method may be used witheither interrogation scheme described above.

FIG. 3E illustrates the operation 110 of an implementation of aread/write type transponder. In step 112 an interrogation signal isreceived which causes the transponder to power up and initialize 114 itsmicrocontroller. Next, the microcontroller determines 116 if theinterrogator issued a write instruction. If so, then the data orinformation associated with the write instruction is stored 118 in anEEPROM or other memory of the transponder, and the transponder thenpowers down 120. If no write instruction has been issued in 116, thenthe transponder transmits data 122 to the interrogator and powers down120.

The flowchart of FIG. 3F illustrates a read/write/action type oftransponder. In this implementation, a transponder is configured to sendan action signal to cause another device to perform an act, such as toenergize a micro-motor or to illuminate a display. In particular, theinterrogation signal is received 126 and the transponder powers up andinitializes 128 its microcontroller. Next, if a write instruction isreceived 130 then data is stored 132 and the transponder powers down134. If a write instruction is not received in 130 then a check is madefor an action instruction 136. If an action signal is received then anaction signal is transmitted 138 and the transponder powers down 134. Ifno action instruction is received, then the transponder transmits data140 and powers down 134. It should be understood that the actioninstruction can come from various sources, such as an interrogator, asensor, other transponders or other devices, and the action signal thatis transmitted may result in various actions being performed. Forexample, an action signal may cause a device to give a visual or audioindication, start a micro-motor, cause a device to produce heat or tocool a surface, or any other imagined action.

Many more types of transponder configurations and functions arecontemplated. For example, a transponder may be configured to receivedata from all types of other sources, such as the object or item withwhich it is associated or from another transponder of object throughvarious means. Such transponders could first store, and then latercommunicate data or other information to an interrogator or to anothertransponder at a later time.

FIGS. 4A and 4B are front and rear views of a possible clothingimplementation of a radio-frequency identification (RFID) transpondercommunication system 150. FIG. 4A is a front view of a human model 152wearing a bodysuit 154 that includes a short-range communication system.For ease of understanding, the coupling ports and communication linesare drawn as solid lines on front, and dashed lines to indicate theirlocation on the reverse side of the model. In this example, a wirelessinterrogator 156 is strapped to the waist of the model, but may belocated in other regions, and may be attached to the garment by knownmeans such as a belt or by other types of fasteners. The interrogator isdirectly or wirelessly connected to a network of coupling ports 158 a to158 j by communication lines 160 a to 160 j. The coupling ports arestrategically placed for communicating with transponders, and may besewn or otherwise incorporated into locations such as a pocket, forexample. The communication lines may be pairs of copper wire conductorssewn into the material of the garment, or may be pairs of conductivefibers that are woven into the garment during manufacture to create aweb of communication lines. For safety purposes, the conductive fibersor wires may be insulated so that they do not dissipate any power. Therear view of FIG. 4B similarly depicts various strategic coupling ports158 h to 158 j located in various regions. One or more communicationlines having termination points that may include connectors for directconnection to transponders, such as communication line 160 k withconnector 161, could also be used. The communication system thus permitsthe short-range interrogator to communicate with transponders thatordinarily would be out of range of a typical wireless RFID system. Sucha system enables the clothes worn by a person to communicate with aplurality of items and obtain useful information for the wearer, asexplained below.

FIG. 4C illustrates how the communication system 150 adapted forcommunication with a plurality of transponders may appear. Theinterrogator 156 may use different RF modulation modes or differentfrequencies or other interrogation schemes to attempt to establishcommunications with transponders associated with a fountain pen 162, acomb 163, a glasses case 164, or any other object that may be insertedinto a breast pocket. The transponders are monitored by coupling ports158 a and 158 b (see FIG. 4A). Alternately, the interrogator may use asingle frequency signal but identify particular items by theidentification codes transmitted by any transponders that respond to aninterrogation signal. The coupling port 158 d may establishcommunication with a transponder associated with a wristwatch 165, andthe coupling port 158 e may establish communication with a transponderassociated with a wallet 166 or money clip or house keys or electronickeys. The coupling ports 158 f and 158 g may establish communicationswith a transponder or transponders associated with a pedometer or othersensor that may be located in a shoe 167 or sock, and the coupling port158 h may establish communications with one or more transpondersassociated with one or more items in a backpack 168 or other bag 169that may be slung over the back or shoulders of the user.

The interrogator 156 may have the capability to communicate with theentire set of remote locales using low power and a range of RF modes,and inform the wearer that all or some of the items listed above areincluded in a pocket of the garment, or are within a bag, backpack orsome other form of luggage 170. Communication with transpondersassociated with items in a bag or other container may be possible whenthe bag is placed on her lap near coupling port, say, 158 e or withinthe wireless range of the interrogator 156. Further, the interrogatormay be able to provide data to the wearer via a display. For example,the display may be able to continuously update a mileage figure of thedistance that the wearer has walked how fast the wearer is traveling,how many calories the wearer has burned, the location and/or orientationof the wearer, the temperature and other information that may be useful,for example, in developing a training program. These readings may bebased on data received from the transponders in the vicinity of thecoupling ports 158 f and 158 g, which are associated with sensors and apedometer in the user's shoes 167, 171.

Many other applications of such a short range communications network arepossible. For example, a transponder associated with a pen 162 may beconfigured to collect pen data such as how many signatures have beensigned with the pen in a day, a month or some other time period, andtransmit such data upon demand of an interrogator. Similarly, thewearer's clothes may communicate with other clothing items such as hats172, gloves 173, belts 174, shirts 175, ties 176, pants 177 or fastenerssuch as zippers 178 and buttons 179, and transmit data to aninterrogator 156 which can then determine if the pieces of clothing arecolor coordinated or not, and if the fasteners are closed or open, anddisplay a message to the user. The interrogator of such a system mayalso be capable of communicating data to a personal digital assistant(PDA) device, a laptop computer, a cellphone 176, a desk phone, or otherdata processing device. The short-range interrogator system may also beable to communicate data to a computer mouse, a keyboard, or other inputdevice. In addition, transponders associated with objects such astables, chairs, automobile steering wheels, dashboards, and other itemsthat can provide valuable feedback to a user. Furthermore, two or moretransponders associated with different items may communicate with eachother via the communications network. For example, a transponder in abag could communicate with a sensor in the shoe of a person to determinethe temperature so that an item can be used by the person at an optimalsetting, or could communicate with a transponder associated with a cellphone to place a call to acquire or send data.

The network system 150 may be implemented such that the placement of thecoupling ports and the power radiated by them confines their radiationfield patterns, and those of the transponders, to small spaces tominimize undesirable interference. Further, the maximum range andcoverage of a short-range, low-power interrogator is extended tomultiple locales for communication with multiple transponders by thenetwork of communication lines and coupling ports. In addition, thenetwork system enables the localized and systematic interrogations oftransponders attached to items confined in predetermined locations suchas shirt and pants pockets, sleeves, shoes, back and other possibleareas or regions distributed throughout a continuous piece of materialor garment. Yet further, the network system may be configured so thatany particular transponder can communicate with another transponder orgroup of transponders of other locales to actuate functions, causeactions, or otherwise share data and/or information.

FIG. 5 illustrates another implementation of a low-power, short-rangecommunication system 200. The system 200 includes an interrogator 202and a network of coupling repeater ports 204 a to 204 h that areconnected to separate items 206 to 209, such as different pieces ofmaterial, fabric or textiles. The coupling repeater ports are operableto inductively couple with each other to extend the range of theinterrogator to span across multiple items, and are operable tocommunicate with transponders. The interrogator 202 operates asdescribed above to transmit interrogation signals to the repeater portsand coupling ports to attempt communication with one or moretransponders 210 a to 210 n. The system may use multiple frequencies andsignal strengths to enable communications between the interrogator andmultiple transponders associated with multiple items across gaps ordiscontinuities in material. The configuration enables the interrogationof transponders that are within the range of the coupling ports, whichare distributed throughout two or more pieces of discontinuous materialsuch as textiles, fabrics and garments. Thus, the RFID coverage can beconveniently localized to any piece of material and the maximum rangeextended by routing at least one coupling repeater port across thematerials to arbitrary locations resulting in each piece beingwirelessly connected to the other pieces.

FIG. 6 illustrates a clothing implementation of a low-power, short-rangecommunication system 250 of a type described with regard to FIG. 5. Thesystem includes trousers 252 and a shirt 254. The trousers include aninterrogator 256 connected to a coupling ports 260 a and 260 b andrepeater ports 260 c and 260 d via communication lines 258 a to 258 d.The interrogator 256 is shown having direct connections to thecommunication lines 258 a to 258 d for ease of reference, but a wirelessconnection could easily be implemented by using one or more couplingports in the vicinity of the interrogator. One advantage of a wirelessconnection is that different types of interrogators can easily beremoved from and attached to the system. The repeater ports 260 c and260 d of the pants are configured to communicate with repeater ports 262a and 262 b associated with the shirt 254 when the shirt and pants areworn together such that they overlap. The repeater ports 262 a and 262 bare connected to coupling ports 266 a and 266 b via communication lines264 a and 264 b. When the shirt and trousers are worn together by auser, a tight coupling is achieved and the interrogator transmitsinterrogation signals to, and receives transponder data from, thecoupling ports 266 a and 266 b through the repeater ports 260 c, 260 d,262 a and 262 b. The coupling port 266 a may be used to monitor ahandbag containing items with an associated transponder, while thecoupling port 266 b may be used to monitor items placed into a breastpocket. Similarly, the coupling port 260 b may monitor a pants pocket,while the coupling port 260 a may be used to monitor a shoe that maycontain, for example, a pedometer and associated transponder. Inaddition, a transponder 268 could be sewn into the shirt within range ofthe coupling port 262 a or any of the other coupling ports for reportingdata characteristics of the shirt, such as manufacturer, style, size,color, texture and material composition. Another transponder may be sewninto or otherwise connected to the pants 252 to report the same orsimilar characteristics that may be reported for the shirt. Further, itis contemplated that such a communication system could be implemented inall types of garments such as shorts, jackets, coats, scarves, bikinis,swim trunks, lingerie, sports clothing such as football and soccerjerseys, other sportswear, dresses, skirts, gowns, jumpsuits and allother types of clothing and/or fashion accessories.

The communication system 250 could be used to communicate with aplurality of transponders associated with a wide variety of items, eachitem generating all types of item characteristic data as explainedabove. Furthermore, it is contemplated that various specializedtransponders may be fabricated to store all types of data forcommunication with such RFID systems. For example, a coffee shop mayhave a transponder in the entryway for communication with patrons sothat when a person passes within range of that transponder, the personcan be notified that the coffee shop is open and that his friend isinside. Other transponder implementations could be used with earphones,listening devices, necklaces, rings, earrings, watches, bracelets,walking sticks, hockey sticks or other athletic gear, firearms, cups andother everyday accessories or items.

With regard to the communication system implementations described abovein FIGS. 5 and 6, the number of turns of each of the two coupling loopsof the coupling repeaters, such as coupling repeaters 260 c, 262 a andcoupling port 266 a, must be properly determined to permit semi-duplexor full duplex communications between a transponder and theinterrogator. Thus, the first loop 260 c can have a turn ratio of l:n,while the second loop 262 a may have a turn ration of m:p and the thirdloop 266 a may have a turn ratio of q:r. In addition, as describedabove, such systems can use electronic circuitry, highly-ferromagneticdisks or other materials connected to the coupling ports or to thecommunications lines connecting the coupling ports or repeater ports toincrease power and sensitivity to more easily communicate withtransponders.

It is important to note that a RFID communication system of the typesdescribed herein are highly suitable for communicating information inall forms of systems. For example, a home system may include aninterrogator and transponders associated with walls, floors, ceilings,windows, shutters, outside walls, roofs, gutters, chimneys, wallpaper,wood paneling, carpeting, other floor coverings, furnaces, hot waterheaters, water pipes, gas pipes, and other home devices. Further, thesystem may include transponders associated with household furniture andappliances, including lamps and other fixtures. The transponders mayreport on the condition or status of such objects and/or devices, sothat for example, renovations, cleaning and/or replacement can berecommended. A creative person would understand that the applications ofsuch a system are virtually limitless, including being associated withbiological sensors that may be worn in clothing or embedded below theepidermal layer of skin of the human body, or even mobile inside ananimal body or the human body.

Other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.

1-41. (canceled)
 42. A method comprising: carrying signals associatedwith an interrogator and transponder in conductive elements in at leasttwo different articles of clothing or personal effects, and transferringthe signals between the at least two articles of clothing or personalseffects radiatively.
 43. The method of claim 42 in which the conductiveelements comprise electrical conductors.
 44. The method of claim 42 inwhich the conductive elements comprise insulated wires.
 45. The methodof claim 42 in which the conductive elements comprise insulatedconductive fibers.
 46. The method of claim 42 in which the articles ofclothing or personal effects comprise at least one of pants, shirt,jackets, coats, earphones, glasses, listening devices, necklaces, rings,watches, bracelets, hats, walking sticks, hockey sticks, shoes, ties,underwear, outerwear, pens, pencils, personal digital assistant devices,laptop computer, desktop computer, bags, backpacks, luggage, wallets,money clips, timepieces, wristwatches, cell phone, desk phones,pedometers, temperature sensors, global positioning devices,environmental sensors, biological sensors, whether worn on the garmentsor below the epidermal skin layer of the human body or embedded ormobile within the human body, fitness devices, and other appliances andequipment.
 47. A short-range communication system, comprising; aninterrogator. a first network of coupling ports in a first material; aweb of communication lines in the first material connecting the firstnetwork; a second network of coupling ports in a second material; a webof communication lines in the second material connected to the networks;and transponders for establishing communication with the first andsecond networks and with the interrogator.
 48. The system of claim 47,further comprising electronic components and circuitry to increase thesensitivity of the coupling ports.
 49. The system of claim 47, furthercomprising at least a third network of coupling ports in a thirdmaterial and a web of communication lines connecting the third network,wherein transponders are operable to communicate with any of thenetworks and with the interrogator.
 50. A method of extending the rangeof a short-range communication system, comprising; installing a firstnetwork of coupling ports in a second material; and installing a secondnetwork of coupling ports in a second material; and installing aplurality of communications lines in the first and second materials suchthat communications are possible between coupling ports of the first andsecond networks.
 51. The method of claim 50, further comprisinginstalling at least one electronic component to increase the sensitivityof at least one coupling port.
 52. The method of claim 50, furthercomprising utilizing transponders to communicate with the couplingports, at least one of the transponders configured to transmitactivation signals.